Millennium Development Goals    1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) 50 53 55 58 60 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) 34 38 35 38 40 GDP per person employed (annual % growth) 2 -1 2 2 7 Income share held by lowest 20% 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5) .. 6.3 .. .. .. Poverty gap at $1.25 a day (PPP) (%) 8 5 4 3 3 Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population) 17 11 12 9 9 Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) 18 20 .. 17 .. Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) 34 29 30 32 28 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24) 95 .. 96 96 96 Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24) 95 .. 97 97 97 Persistence to last grade of primary, total (% of cohort) .. .. 86 85 88 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. .. 94 97 99 Total enrollment, primary (% net) .. .. 99 99 99 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) 8 10 10 17 17 Ratio of female to male enrollments in tertiary education .. .. 169 163 161 Ratio of female to male primary enrollment 96 .. 97 97 97 Ratio of female to male secondary enrollment .. .. 106 107 108 Share of women employed in the nonagricultural sector (% of total nonagricultural employment) 45.4 42.7 43.0 43.4 42.5 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) 73 84 97 99 89 Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 27 23 20 19 18 Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000) 34 30 26 24 23 Goal 5: Improve maternal health Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) .. 93 91 85 83 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) .. 86 90 91 91 Contraceptive prevalence (% of women ages 15-49) .. .. .. .. .. Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) .. .. .. 130 .. Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%) .. .. 72 .. .. Unmet need for contraception (% of married women ages 15-49) .. .. .. .. .. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs (% of children under age 5 with fever) .. .. .. .. .. Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. .. Condom use, population ages 15-24, male (% of males ages 15-24) .. .. .. .. .. Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) 47 47 47 47 47 Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24) .. .. .. 0.6 0.6 Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24) .. .. .. 1 1 Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%) .. .. 32 105 98 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP) 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 .. CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) 1.3 1.3 2.0 1.8 .. Forest area (% of land area) 59 58 58 58 .. Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access) .. 63 69 74 74 Improved water source (% of population with access) .. 92 92 92 92 Marine protected areas, (% of surface area) .. .. .. 13 .. Nationally protected areas (% of total land area) .. .. .. 10.2 10.2 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Aid per capita (current US$) 41 15 5 6 -40 Debt service (PPG and IMF only, % of exports, excluding workers' remittances) 4 3 9 15 5 Internet users (per 100 people) 0.0 0.1 6.6 11.5 22.9 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) 0 0 14 54 112 Telephone lines (per 100 people) 9 11 15 15 15 Other Fertility rate, total (births per woman) 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) 2,100 2,900 3,740 4,650 6,180 GNI, Atlas method (current US$) (billions) 5.1 7.7 11.0 15.0 21.0 Gross capital formation (% of GDP) 16.8 30.3 24.1 18.4 23.2 Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 72 73 74 75 76 Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) 89 .. 92 93 93 Population, total (millions) 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 Trade (% of GDP) 165.4 198.8 142.4 144.5 149.0 Source: World Development Indicators database    Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specified. Page: Country: Panama Row: Series Column: Time